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  <title>TypeScript部分笔记 - 小新的记事本</title>
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@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
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@media screen and (max-width: 375px) {
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}
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}
.cover-wrapper.search .bottom .menu .list-h a i {
  margin-right: 4px;
}
.cover-wrapper.search .bottom .menu .list-h a p {
  font-size: 0.9375rem;
}
.cover-wrapper.search .bottom .menu .list-h a:hover,
.cover-wrapper.search .bottom .menu .list-h a.active,
.cover-wrapper.search .bottom .menu .list-h a:active {
  opacity: 1;
  -webkit-opacity: 1;
  -moz-opacity: 1;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-site-inner);
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'UbuntuMono';
  src: url("https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/fonts/UbuntuMono/UbuntuMono-Regular.ttf");
  font-weight: 'normal';
  font-style: 'normal';
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Varela Round';
  src: url("https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/fonts/VarelaRound/VarelaRound-Regular.ttf");
  font-weight: 'normal';
  font-style: 'normal';
  font-display: swap;
}
.l_header {
  position: fixed;
  z-index: 1000;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 64px;
  background: var(--color-card);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
.l_header.auto {
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  -khtml-transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  -moz-transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  -o-transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  -ms-transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  visibility: hidden;
}
.l_header.auto.show {
  opacity: 1 !important;
  -webkit-opacity: 1 !important;
  -moz-opacity: 1 !important;
  visibility: visible;
}
.l_header .container {
  margin-left: 16px;
  margin-right: 16px;
}
.l_header #wrapper {
  height: 100%;
  user-select: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-main,
.l_header #wrapper .nav-sub {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap;
  -khtml-flex-wrap: nowrap;
  -moz-flex-wrap: nowrap;
  -o-flex-wrap: nowrap;
  -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  -webkit-justify-content: space-between;
  -khtml-justify-content: space-between;
  -moz-justify-content: space-between;
  -o-justify-content: space-between;
  -ms-justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-main {
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
}
.l_header #wrapper.sub .nav-main {
  transform: translateY(-64px);
  -webkit-transform: translateY(-64px);
  -khtml-transform: translateY(-64px);
  -moz-transform: translateY(-64px);
  -o-transform: translateY(-64px);
  -ms-transform: translateY(-64px);
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-sub {
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  opacity: 0;
  -webkit-opacity: 0;
  -moz-opacity: 0;
  height: 64px;
  width: calc(100% - 2 * 16px);
  position: absolute;
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-sub ::-webkit-scrollbar {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 2048px) {
  .l_header #wrapper .nav-sub {
    max-width: 55vw;
    margin: auto;
  }
}
.l_header #wrapper.sub .nav-sub {
  opacity: 1;
  -webkit-opacity: 1;
  -moz-opacity: 1;
}
.l_header #wrapper .title {
  position: relative;
  color: var(--color-text);
  padding-left: 24px;
  max-height: 64px;
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-main .title {
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  line-height: 64px;
  padding: 0 24px;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-family: "Varela Round", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, Helvetica, monospace;
}
.l_header #wrapper .nav-main .title img {
  height: 64px;
}
.l_header .nav-sub {
  max-width: 1080px;
  margin: auto;
}
.l_header .nav-sub .title {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-family: UbuntuMono, "Varela Round", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, Menlo, Monaco, monospace, sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.2;
  max-height: 64px;
  white-space: normal;
  flex-shrink: 1;
}
.l_header .switcher {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
  line-height: 64px;
  align-items: center;
}
.l_header .switcher .s-toc {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  .l_header .switcher .s-toc {
    display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
    display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
    display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
    display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
    display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
    display: flex;
  }
}
.l_header .switcher >li {
  height: 48px;
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  margin: 2px;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .switcher >li {
    margin: 0 1px;
    height: 48px;
  }
}
.l_header .switcher >li >a {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  -webkit-justify-content: center;
  -khtml-justify-content: center;
  -moz-justify-content: center;
  -o-justify-content: center;
  -ms-justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  width: 48px;
  height: 48px;
  padding: 0.85em 1.1em;
  border-radius: 100px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 100px;
  border: none;
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  color: #3dd9b6;
}
.l_header .switcher >li >a:hover {
  border: none;
}
.l_header .switcher >li >a.active,
.l_header .switcher >li >a:active {
  border: none;
  background: var(--color-site-bg);
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .switcher >li >a {
    width: 36px;
    height: 48px;
  }
}
.l_header .nav-sub .switcher {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
}
.l_header .m_search {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
  height: 64px;
  width: 240px;
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
  .l_header .m_search {
    width: 44px;
    min-width: 44px;
  }
  .l_header .m_search input::placeholder {
    opacity: 0;
    -webkit-opacity: 0;
    -moz-opacity: 0;
  }
  .l_header .m_search:hover {
    width: 240px;
  }
  .l_header .m_search:hover input::placeholder {
    opacity: 1;
    -webkit-opacity: 1;
    -moz-opacity: 1;
  }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search:hover .input {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .l_header .m_search:hover .input::placeholder {
    opacity: 1;
    -webkit-opacity: 1;
    -moz-opacity: 1;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search {
    min-width: 0;
  }
  .l_header .m_search input::placeholder {
    opacity: 1;
    -webkit-opacity: 1;
    -moz-opacity: 1;
  }
}
.l_header .m_search .form {
  position: relative;
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  align-items: center;
}
.l_header .m_search .icon {
  position: absolute;
  width: 36px;
  left: 5px;
  color: var(--color-meta);
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search .icon {
    display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
    display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
    display: none;
  }
}
.l_header .m_search .input {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: block;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  line-height: 1.3;
  width: 100%;
  color: var(--color-text);
  background: #fafafa;
  box-shadow: none;
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  padding-left: 40px;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  border-radius: 8px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 8px;
  border: none;
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search .input:focus {
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search .input {
    background: var(--color-block);
    padding-left: 8px;
    border: none;
  }
  .l_header .m_search .input:hover,
  .l_header .m_search .input:focus {
    border: none;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .m_search {
    left: 0;
    width: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    position: absolute;
    background: #fff;
    transition: all 0.28s ease;
    -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
    -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
    -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
    -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
    -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  }
  .l_header .m_search .input {
    border-radius: 32px;
    -webkit-border-radius: 32px;
    margin-left: 16px;
    padding-left: 16px;
  }
  .l_header.z_search-open .m_search {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .l_header.z_search-open .m_search .input {
    width: calc(100% - 120px);
  }
}
ul.m-pc >li>a {
  color: inherit;
  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
}
ul.m-pc >li>a:active,
ul.m-pc >li>a.active {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #3dd9b6;
}
ul.m-pc li:hover >ul.list-v,
ul.list-v li:hover >ul.list-v {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: block;
}
ul.nav-list-h {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
  display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
  display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
  display: flex;
  align-items: stretch;
}
ul.nav-list-h>li {
  position: relative;
  justify-content: center;
  -webkit-justify-content: center;
  -khtml-justify-content: center;
  -moz-justify-content: center;
  -o-justify-content: center;
  -ms-justify-content: center;
  height: 100%;
  line-height: 2.4;
  border-radius: 4px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
}
ul.nav-list-h>li >a {
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  font-weight: 600;
}
ul.list-v {
  z-index: 1;
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
  position: absolute;
  background: var(--color-card);
  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08), 0 4px 8px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08), 0 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08), 0 4px 8px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08), 0 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
  margin-top: -6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
  padding: 8px 0;
}
ul.list-v.show {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: block;
}
ul.list-v hr {
  margin-top: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
ul.list-v >li {
  white-space: nowrap;
  word-break: keep-all;
}
ul.list-v >li.header {
  font-size: 0.78125rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 2em;
  color: var(--color-meta);
  margin: 8px 16px 4px;
}
ul.list-v >li.header i {
  margin-right: 8px;
}
ul.list-v >li ul {
  margin-left: 0;
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
  margin-top: -40px;
}
ul.list-v .aplayer-container {
  min-height: 64px;
  padding: 6px 16px;
}
ul.list-v >li>a {
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: block;
  color: var(--color-list);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 36px;
  padding: 0 20px 0 16px;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  margin: 0 4px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
  ul.list-v >li>a {
    line-height: 40px;
  }
}
ul.list-v >li>a >i {
  margin-right: 8px;
}
ul.list-v >li>a:active,
ul.list-v >li>a.active {
  color: var(--color-list-hl);
}
ul.list-v >li>a:hover {
  color: var(--color-list-hl);
  background: var(--color-site-bg);
}
.l_header .menu >ul>li>a {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: block;
  padding: 0 8px;
}
.l_header .menu >ul>li>a >i {
  margin-right: 4px;
}
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li {
  color: var(--color-list);
  line-height: 64px;
}
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li >a {
  max-height: 64px;
  overflow: hidden;
  color: inherit;
}
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li >a:active,
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li >a.active {
  color: #3dd9b6;
}
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li:hover>a {
  color: var(--color-list-hl);
}
.l_header ul.nav-list-h>li i.music {
  animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
  -webkit-animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
  -khtml-animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
  -moz-animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
  -o-animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
  -ms-animation: rotate-effect 1.5s linear infinite;
}
@-moz-keyframes rotate-effect {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(0);
    -moz-transform: rotate(0);
    -o-transform: rotate(0);
    -ms-transform: rotate(0);
  }
  25% {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(90deg);
  }
  50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
  }
  75% {
    transform: rotate(270deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(270deg);
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotate-effect {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(0);
    -moz-transform: rotate(0);
    -o-transform: rotate(0);
    -ms-transform: rotate(0);
  }
  25% {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(90deg);
  }
  50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
  }
  75% {
    transform: rotate(270deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(270deg);
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}
@-o-keyframes rotate-effect {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(0);
    -moz-transform: rotate(0);
    -o-transform: rotate(0);
    -ms-transform: rotate(0);
  }
  25% {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(90deg);
  }
  50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
  }
  75% {
    transform: rotate(270deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(270deg);
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}
@keyframes rotate-effect {
  0% {
    transform: rotate(0);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(0);
    -moz-transform: rotate(0);
    -o-transform: rotate(0);
    -ms-transform: rotate(0);
  }
  25% {
    transform: rotate(90deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(90deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(90deg);
  }
  50% {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(180deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
  }
  75% {
    transform: rotate(270deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(270deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(270deg);
  }
  100% {
    transform: rotate(360deg);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -khtml-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -moz-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -o-transform: rotate(360deg);
    -ms-transform: rotate(360deg);
  }
}
.menu-phone li ul.list-v {
  right: calc(100% - 0.5 * 16px);
}
.menu-phone li ul.list-v ul {
  right: calc(100% - 0.5 * 16px);
}
#wrapper {
  max-width: 1080px;
  margin: auto;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 2048px) {
  #wrapper {
    max-width: 55vw;
  }
}
#wrapper .menu {
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  -webkit-flex: 1 1;
  -ms-flex: 1 1;
  flex: 1 1;
  margin: 0 16px 0 0;
}
#wrapper .menu .list-v ul {
  left: calc(100% - 0.5 * 16px);
}
.menu-phone {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
  margin-top: 16px;
  right: 8px;
  transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -khtml-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -moz-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -o-transition: all 0.28s ease;
  -ms-transition: all 0.28s ease;
}
.menu-phone ul {
  right: calc(100% - 0.5 * 16px);
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .menu-phone {
    display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
    display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
    display: block;
  }
}
.l_header {
  max-width: 65vw;
  left: calc((100% - 65vw) * 0.5);
  border-bottom-left-radius: 8px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 8px;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 2048px) {
  .l_header {
    max-width: 1112px;
    left: calc((100% - 1112px) * 0.5);
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 1112px) {
  .l_header {
    left: 0;
    border-radius: 0;
    -webkit-border-radius: 0;
    max-width: 100%;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .l_header .container {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 0;
  }
  .l_header #wrapper .nav-main .title {
    padding-left: 16px;
    padding-right: 16px;
  }
  .l_header #wrapper .nav-sub {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .l_header #wrapper .nav-sub .title {
    overflow-y: scroll;
    margin-top: 2px;
    padding: 8px 16px;
  }
  .l_header #wrapper .switcher {
    display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
    display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
    display: -ms-flexbox /* TWEENER - IE 10 */;
    display: -webkit-flex /* NEW - Chrome */;
    display: flex /* NEW, Spec - Opera 12.1, Firefox 20+ */;
    display: flex;
    margin-right: 8px;
  }
  .l_header .menu {
    display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
    display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
    display: none;
  }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .list-v li {
    max-width: 270px;
  }
}
#u-search {
  display: -webkit-box /* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */;
  display: -moz-box /* OLD - Firefox 19- (buggy but mostly works) */;
  display: none;
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  padding: 60px 20px;
  z-index: 1001;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 680px) {
  #u-search {
    padding: 0px;
  }
}

  </style>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null">
  <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css"></noscript>
  
<script>
if (/*@cc_on!@*/false || (!!window.MSInputMethodContext && !!document.documentMode))
    document.write(
	'<style>'+
		'html{'+
			'overflow-x: hidden !important;'+
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		'}'+
		'.kill-ie{'+
			'text-align:center;'+
			'height: 100%;'+
			'margin-top: 15%;'+
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    '}'+
		'#l_header,#l_body{'+
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    '</div>');
</script>


<noscript>
	<style>
		html{
			overflow-x: hidden !important;
			overflow-y: hidden !important;
		}
		.kill-noscript{
			text-align:center;
			height: 100%;
			margin-top: 15%;
			margin-bottom: 5500%;
		}
    .kill-t{
      font-size: 2rem;
    }
    .kill-c{
      font-size: 1.2rem;
    }
		#l_header,#l_body{
			display: none;
		}
	</style>
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    </div>
</noscript>


  <script>
  /************这个文件存放不需要重载的全局变量和全局函数*********/
  window.volantis = {}; // volantis 全局变量
  volantis.debug = "env"; // 调试模式
  volantis.dom = {}; // 页面Dom see: /source/js/app.js etc.

  volantis.GLOBAL_CONFIG ={
    debug: "env",
    cdn: {"js":{"app":"/js/app.js","parallax":"/js/plugins/parallax.js","rightMenu":"/js/plugins/rightMenu.js","rightMenus":"/js/plugins/rightMenus.js","sites":"/js/plugins/tags/sites.js","friends":"/js/plugins/tags/friends.js","contributors":"/js/plugins/tags/contributors.js","search":"/js/search/hexo.js"},"css":{"style":"/css/style.css"}},
    default: {"avatar":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/placeholder/avatar/round/3442075.svg","link":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/placeholder/link/8f277b4ee0ecd.svg","cover":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/placeholder/cover/76b86c0226ffd.svg","image":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/media/placeholder/image/2659360.svg"},
    lastupdate: new Date(1706453282818),
    sidebar: {
      for_page: ["blogger","category","tagcloud"],
      for_post: ["toc"],
      webinfo: {
        lastupd: {
          enable: true,
          friendlyShow: true
        },
        runtime: {
          data: "2023/5/10",
          unit: "天"
        }
      }
    },
    plugins: {
      message: {"enable":true,"css":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/libs/izitoast/dist/css/iziToast.min.css","js":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/libs/izitoast/dist/js/iziToast.min.js","icon":{"default":"fa-solid fa-info-circle light-blue","quection":"fa-solid fa-question-circle light-blue"},"time":{"default":5000,"quection":20000},"position":"topRight","transitionIn":"bounceInLeft","transitionOut":"fadeOutRight","titleColor":"var(--color-text)","messageColor":"var(--color-text)","backgroundColor":"var(--color-card)","zindex":2147483647,"copyright":{"enable":true,"title":"知识共享许可协议","message":"请遵守 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 协议。","icon":"far fa-copyright light-blue"},"aplayer":{"enable":true,"play":"fa-solid fa-play","pause":"fa-solid fa-pause"},"rightmenu":{"enable":true,"notice":true}},
      fancybox: {"css":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/libs/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.css","js":"https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/libs/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.umd.js"},
      
      aplayer: {
        id: 3175833810,
        enable:true
      },
      
      
      
    }
  }

  /******************** volantis.EventListener ********************************/
  // 事件监听器 see: /source/js/app.js
  volantis.EventListener = {}
  // 这里存放pjax切换页面时将被移除的事件监听器
  volantis.EventListener.list = []
  //构造方法
  function volantisEventListener(type, f, ele) {
    this.type = type
    this.f = f
    this.ele = ele
  }
  // 移除事件监听器
  volantis.EventListener.remove = () => {
    volantis.EventListener.list.forEach(function (i) {
      i.ele.removeEventListener(i.type, i.f, false)
    })
    volantis.EventListener.list = []
  }
  /******************** volantis.dom.$ ********************************/
  // 注：这里没有选择器，也没有forEach一次只处理一个dom，这里重新封装主题常用的dom方法，返回的是dom对象，对象包含了以下方法，同时保留dom的原生API
  function volantisDom(ele) {
    if (!ele) ele = document.createElement("div")
    this.ele = ele;
    // ==============================================================
    this.ele.find = (c) => {
      let q = this.ele.querySelector(c)
      if (q)
        return new volantisDom(q)
    }
    // ==============================================================
    this.ele.hasClass = (c) => {
      return this.ele.className.match(new RegExp('(\\s|^)' + c + '(\\s|$)'));
    }
    this.ele.addClass = (c) => {
      this.ele.classList.add(c);
      return this.ele
    }
    this.ele.removeClass = (c) => {
      this.ele.classList.remove(c);
      return this.ele
    }
    this.ele.toggleClass = (c) => {
      if (this.ele.hasClass(c)) {
        this.ele.removeClass(c)
      } else {
        this.ele.addClass(c)
      }
      return this.ele
    }
    // ==============================================================
    // 参数 r 为 true 表示pjax切换页面时事件监听器将被移除，false不移除
    this.ele.on = (c, f, r = 1) => {
      this.ele.addEventListener(c, f, false)
      if (r) {
        volantis.EventListener.list.push(new volantisEventListener(c, f, this.ele))
      }
      return this.ele
    }
    this.ele.click = (f, r) => {
      this.ele.on("click", f, r)
      return this.ele
    }
    this.ele.scroll = (f, r) => {
      this.ele.on("scroll", f, r)
      return this.ele
    }
    // ==============================================================
    this.ele.html = (c) => {
      // if(c=== undefined){
      //   return this.ele.innerHTML
      // }else{
      this.ele.innerHTML = c
      return this.ele
      // }
    }
    // ==============================================================
    this.ele.hide = (c) => {
      this.ele.style.display = "none"
      return this.ele
    }
    this.ele.show = (c) => {
      this.ele.style.display = "block"
      return this.ele
    }
    // ==============================================================
    return this.ele
  }
  volantis.dom.$ = (ele) => {
    return !!ele ? new volantisDom(ele) : null;
  }
  /******************** RunItem ********************************/
  function RunItem() {
    this.list = []; // 存放回调函数
    this.start = () => {
      for (var i = 0; i < this.list.length; i++) {
        this.list[i].run();
      }
    };
    this.push = (fn, name, setRequestAnimationFrame = true) => {
      let myfn = fn
      if (setRequestAnimationFrame) {
        myfn = ()=>{
          volantis.requestAnimationFrame(fn)
        }
      }
      var f = new Item(myfn, name);
      this.list.push(f);
    };
    this.remove = (name) =>{
      for (let index = 0; index < this.list.length; index++) {
        const e = this.list[index];
        if (e.name == name) {
          this.list.splice(index,1);
        }
      }
    }
    // 构造一个可以run的对象
    function Item(fn, name) {
      // 函数名称
      this.name = name || fn.name;
      // run方法
      this.run = () => {
        try {
          fn()
        } catch (error) {
          console.log(error);
        }
      };
    }
  }
  /******************** Pjax ********************************/
  // /layout/_plugins/pjax/index.ejs
  // volantis.pjax.send(callBack[,"callBackName"]) 传入pjax:send回调函数
  // volantis.pjax.push(callBack[,"callBackName"]) 传入pjax:complete回调函数
  // volantis.pjax.error(callBack[,"callBackName"]) 传入pjax:error回调函数
  volantis.pjax = {};
  volantis.pjax.method = {
    complete: new RunItem(),
    error: new RunItem(),
    send: new RunItem(),
  };
  volantis.pjax = Object.assign(volantis.pjax, {
    push: volantis.pjax.method.complete.push,
    error: volantis.pjax.method.error.push,
    send: volantis.pjax.method.send.push,
  });
  /******************** RightMenu ********************************/
  // volantis.rightmenu.handle(callBack[,"callBackName"]) 外部菜单项控制
  // 可在 volantis.mouseEvent 处获取右键事件
  volantis.rightmenu = {};
  volantis.rightmenu.method = {
    handle: new RunItem(),
  }
  volantis.rightmenu = Object.assign(volantis.rightmenu, {
    handle: volantis.rightmenu.method.handle.push,
  });
  /********************  Dark Mode  ********************************/
  // /layout/_partial/scripts/darkmode.ejs
  // volantis.dark.mode 当前模式 dark or light
  // volantis.dark.toggle() 暗黑模式触发器
  // volantis.dark.push(callBack[,"callBackName"]) 传入触发器回调函数
  volantis.dark = {};
  volantis.dark.method = {
    toggle: new RunItem(),
  };
  volantis.dark = Object.assign(volantis.dark, {
    push: volantis.dark.method.toggle.push,
  });
  /********************  Message  ********************************/
  // VolantisApp.message
  /********************  isMobile  ********************************/
  // /source/js/app.js
  // volantis.isMobile
  // volantis.isMobileOld
  /********************脚本动态加载函数********************************/
  // volantis.js(src, cb)  cb 可以传入onload回调函数 或者 JSON对象 例如: volantis.js("src", ()=>{}) 或 volantis.js("src", {defer:true,onload:()=>{}})
  // volantis.css(src)

  // 返回Promise对象，如下方法同步加载资源，这利于处理文件资源之间的依赖关系，例如：APlayer 需要在 MetingJS 之前加载
  // (async () => {
  //     await volantis.js("...theme.plugins.aplayer.js.aplayer...")
  //     await volantis.js("...theme.plugins.aplayer.js.meting...")
  // })();

  // 已经加入了setTimeout
  volantis.js = (src, cb) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      setTimeout(function () {
        var HEAD = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0] || document.documentElement;
        var script = document.createElement("script");
        script.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
        if (cb) {
          if (JSON.stringify(cb)) {
            for (let p in cb) {
              if (p == "onload") {
                script[p] = () => {
                  cb[p]()
                  resolve()
                }
              } else {
                script[p] = cb[p]
                script.onload = resolve
              }
            }
          } else {
            script.onload = () => {
              cb()
              resolve()
            };
          }
        } else {
          script.onload = resolve
        }
        script.setAttribute("src", src);
        HEAD.appendChild(script);
      });
    });
  }
  volantis.css = (src) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      setTimeout(function () {
        var link = document.createElement('link');
        link.rel = "stylesheet";
        link.href = src;
        link.onload = resolve;
        document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(link);
      });
    });
  }
  /********************按需加载的插件********************************/
  // volantis.import.jQuery().then(()=>{})
  volantis.import = {
    jQuery: () => {
      if (typeof jQuery == "undefined") {
        return volantis.js("https://unpkg.com/volantis-static@0.0.1654736714924/libs/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js")
      } else {
        return new Promise(resolve => {
          resolve()
        });
      }
    }
  }
  /********************** requestAnimationFrame ********************************/
  // 1、requestAnimationFrame 会把每一帧中的所有 DOM 操作集中起来，在一次重绘或回流中就完成，并且重绘或回流的时间间隔紧紧跟随浏览器的刷新频率，一般来说，这个频率为每秒60帧。
  // 2、在隐藏或不可见的元素中，requestAnimationFrame 将不会进行重绘或回流，这当然就意味着更少的的 cpu，gpu 和内存使用量。
  volantis.requestAnimationFrame = (fn)=>{
    if (!window.requestAnimationFrame) {
      window.requestAnimationFrame = window.requestAnimationFrame || window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame;
    }
    window.requestAnimationFrame(fn)
  }
  /************************ layoutHelper *****************************************/
  volantis.layoutHelper = (helper, html, opt)=>{
    opt = Object.assign({clean:false, pjax:true}, opt)
    function myhelper(helper, html, clean) {
      volantis.tempDiv = document.createElement("div");
      volantis.tempDiv.innerHTML = html;
      let layoutHelper = document.querySelector("#layoutHelper-"+helper)
      if (layoutHelper) {
        if (clean) {
          layoutHelper.innerHTML = ""
        }
        layoutHelper.append(volantis.tempDiv);
      }
    }
    myhelper(helper, html, opt.clean)
    if (opt.pjax) {
      volantis.pjax.push(()=>{
        myhelper(helper, html, opt.clean)
      },"layoutHelper-"+helper)
    }
  }
  /****************************** 滚动事件处理 ****************************************/
  volantis.scroll = {
    engine: new RunItem(),
    unengine: new RunItem(),
  };
  volantis.scroll = Object.assign(volantis.scroll, {
    push: volantis.scroll.engine.push,
  });
  // 滚动条距离顶部的距离
  volantis.scroll.getScrollTop = () =>{
    let scrollPos;
    if (window.pageYOffset) {
      scrollPos = window.pageYOffset;
    } else if (document.compatMode && document.compatMode != 'BackCompat') {
      scrollPos = document.documentElement.scrollTop;
    } else if (document.body) {
      scrollPos = document.body.scrollTop;
    }
    return scrollPos;
  }
  // 使用 requestAnimationFrame 处理滚动事件
  // `volantis.scroll.del` 中存储了一个数值, 该数值检测一定时间间隔内滚动条滚动的位移, 数值的检测频率是浏览器的刷新频率. 数值为正数时, 表示向下滚动. 数值为负数时, 表示向上滚动.
  volantis.scroll.handleScrollEvents = () => {
    volantis.scroll.lastScrollTop = volantis.scroll.getScrollTop()
    function loop() {
      const scrollTop = volantis.scroll.getScrollTop();
      if (volantis.scroll.lastScrollTop !== scrollTop) {
        volantis.scroll.del = scrollTop - volantis.scroll.lastScrollTop;
        volantis.scroll.lastScrollTop = scrollTop;
        // if (volantis.scroll.del > 0) {
        //   console.log("向下滚动");
        // } else {
        //   console.log("向上滚动");
        // }
        // 注销过期的unengine未滚动事件
        volantis.scroll.unengine.list=[]
        volantis.scroll.engine.start();
      }else{
        volantis.scroll.unengine.start();
      }
      volantis.requestAnimationFrame(loop)
    }
    volantis.requestAnimationFrame(loop)
  }
  volantis.scroll.handleScrollEvents()
  volantis.scroll.ele = null;
  // 触发页面滚动至目标元素位置
  volantis.scroll.to = (ele, option = {}) => {
    if (!ele) return;
    volantis.scroll.ele = ele;
    // 默认配置
    opt = {
      top: ele.getBoundingClientRect().top + document.documentElement.scrollTop,
      behavior: "smooth"
    }
    // 定义配置
    if ("top" in option) {
      opt.top = option.top
    }
    if ("behavior" in option) {
      opt.behavior = option.behavior
    }
    if ("addTop" in option) {
      opt.top += option.addTop
    }
    if (!("observerDic" in option)) {
      option.observerDic = 100
    }
    // 滚动
    window.scrollTo(opt);
    // 监视器
    // 监视并矫正元素滚动到指定位置
    // 用于处理 lazyload 引起的 cls 导致的定位失败问题
    // option.observer = false
    if (option.observer) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        if (volantis.scroll.ele != ele) {
          return
        }
        volantis.scroll.unengine.push(() => {
          let me = ele.getBoundingClientRect().top
          if(!(me >= -option.observerDic && me <= option.observerDic)){
            volantis.scroll.to(ele, option)
          }
          volantis.scroll.unengine.remove("unengineObserver")
        },"unengineObserver")
      },1000)
    }
  }
  /********************** Content Visibility ********************************/
  // 见 source/css/first.styl 如果遇到任何问题 删除 .post-story 即可
  // 一个元素被声明 content-visibility 属性后 如果元素不在 viewport 中 浏览器不会计算其后代元素样式和属性 从而节省 Style & Layout 耗时
  // content-visibility 的副作用: 锚点失效 等等(实验初期 暂不明确), 使用此方法清除样式
  volantis.cleanContentVisibility = ()=>{
    if (document.querySelector(".post-story")) {
      console.log("cleanContentVisibility");
      document.querySelectorAll(".post-story").forEach(e=>{
        e.classList.remove("post-story")
      })
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JS在定义变量时没有过多的限制，先、后赋值同一变量，类型可以不同，比较随意，所以JS被称之为弱类型语言，这一特性也广受JS编程爱好者的青睐，非常的方便，拿来就用~
<br />
<br />
但有时候你会发现你的代码没有达到你想要的结果，但是也没有报错，这要是代码量很大，找bug真是一个很让人头痛的事，所以这里需要用到我们今天的主角 `TypeScript`.他是JS的超集，也就是说他扩展了 JS 并兼容 JS，TS 新增了很多类型限制，让我们在编写代码时有了更好的规范，这样虽然刚开始会觉得编程起来很复杂，但是一旦熟悉后，这将是你的又一大 '利器'，让我们一起学起来吧~


<h1 id="TypeScript"><a href="#TypeScript" class="headerlink" title="TypeScript"></a>TypeScript</h1><h3 id="一、安装与基本使用"><a href="#一、安装与基本使用" class="headerlink" title="一、安装与基本使用"></a>一、安装与基本使用</h3><ol>
<li>安装nodeJS环境</li>
<li>通过 npm install -g typescript 来安装能编译TS的工具</li>
<li>创建一个以 <code>.ts</code> 结尾的文件（但是浏览器不认识 .ts 结尾的文件）</li>
<li>使用 <code>tsc 文件名</code> 来编译文件</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="二、基本使用"><a href="#二、基本使用" class="headerlink" title="二、基本使用"></a>二、基本使用</h3><h4 id="2-1TS中的类型"><a href="#2-1TS中的类型" class="headerlink" title="2.1TS中的类型"></a>2.1TS中的类型</h4><ul>
<li><p>类型声明</p>
<ul>
<li><p>类型声明是TS一个重要的点</p>
</li>
<li><p>可以对参数（形参，返回值，参数）的类型进行声明</p>
</li>
<li><p>语法：</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> 变量: 类型;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> 变量: 类型 = 值;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title function_">sum</span>(<span class="params">参数: 类型,参数: 类型</span>): 类型&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>自动类型判断</p>
<ul>
<li>当你声明和赋值同时进行时，TS会进行自动类型的判断</li>
<li>如果你声明和赋值同时进行时，可以省略类型的声明</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>类型:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th align="center">例子</th>
<th align="center">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>number</td>
<td align="center">1，-9，3.5</td>
<td align="center">任意数字</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string</td>
<td align="center">‘hello’，”world”</td>
<td align="center">任意字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td align="center">true，false</td>
<td align="center">布尔值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>字面量</td>
<td align="center">其本身</td>
<td align="center">限制变量的值就是该字面量的值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>any</td>
<td align="center">*</td>
<td align="center">任意类型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unknown</td>
<td align="center">*</td>
<td align="center">类型安全的any</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>void</td>
<td align="center">空值（undefined）</td>
<td align="center">没有值（或undefined）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>never</td>
<td align="center">没有值</td>
<td align="center">不能是任何值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>object</td>
<td align="center">{name:’黑白熊’}</td>
<td align="center">任意的js对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>array</td>
<td align="center">[1,2,3]</td>
<td align="center">任意JS数组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tuple</td>
<td align="center">[4,5]</td>
<td align="center">元素，TS新增类型，固定长度的数组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>enum</td>
<td align="center">enum{A,B}</td>
<td align="center">枚举，TS中新增类型</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="2-2-TS中一些类型的演示"><a href="#2-2-TS中一些类型的演示" class="headerlink" title="2.2 TS中一些类型的演示"></a>2.2 TS中一些类型的演示</h4><ul>
<li><p>object类型</p>
<ul>
<li><p>object 表示一个 JS 对象，我们限定不是限定他是否是一个对象，而是限定对象中的属性</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">b</span>: <span class="built_in">object</span>; <span class="comment">//这个只是限定 b 是一个对象</span></span><br><span class="line">b = &#123;&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">b = <span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>)&#123;&#125;;	<span class="comment">// b可以是一个对象，可以是一个函数，对象的范围很广，所以这个定义没有意义</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 推荐的定义 ↓</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法 :&#123;属性名: 类型...&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 必须按照定义的属性名、数量、类型严格执行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">a</span>: &#123;<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,<span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>&#125;  <span class="comment">//这样定义可以指定对象里属性以及属性的类型</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">a</span>: &#123;<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,age?: <span class="built_in">number</span>&#125; <span class="comment">// 加上一个 ? 表示属性名可选</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">a</span>: &#123;<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,[<span class="attr">propName</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>]: <span class="built_in">any</span>&#125;;<span class="comment">// 表示必须有 name 属性，其他属性随意</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>对函数类型的定义</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 限定了函数的参数的参数名及参数类型，以及返回值类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法 ↓</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// let 变量: (形参: 类型,形参: 类型...)=&gt;返回值类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">w</span>: <span class="function">(<span class="params">a: <span class="built_in">number</span>,b: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>)=&gt;</span><span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">w = <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">n1: <span class="built_in">number</span>,n2: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>):<span class="built_in">number</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> n1 + n2;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Array 数组类型</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// js中的数组比较随意，什么数据都能随便存，在 TS 中对他做了限制</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 限定数组类型的两种表达方式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法 ↓</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法一:  let 变量名: 类型[]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法二:  let Array&lt;变量名&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">a</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>[]  <span class="comment">// 表示一个字符串数组，里面只能存字符串</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">b</span>: <span class="title class_">Array</span>&lt;<span class="built_in">number</span>&gt;	<span class="comment">//数组的另一种表达方式，和上面没有区别</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>元组(tuple)</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">* 元组就是固定长度的数组</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*	语法：[类型,类型...]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">a</span>: [<span class="built_in">string</span>,<span class="built_in">string</span>] </span><br><span class="line">a = [<span class="string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>,<span class="string">&quot;typescript&quot;</span>] <span class="comment">//长度和类型都已经固定，改变就会出错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>枚举（enum）</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">* 枚举</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*	语法：enum gender&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*			Male,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*			Female</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*          &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="title class_">Gerder</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title class_">Male</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title class_">Famale</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">i</span>:&#123;<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>, <span class="attr">sex</span>: <span class="title class_">Gender</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">i = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="string">&quot;黑白熊&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">sex</span>: <span class="title class_">Gender</span>.<span class="property">Male</span>  <span class="comment">//&quot;Male&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>类型的别名</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 类型别名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法 ↓		（把一个类型赋给了别名，可以提高类型复用效率）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// type 别名: 类型</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">type</span> <span class="attr">myType</span>: &#123;<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,<span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">let</span> <span class="attr">b</span>: myType;</span><br><span class="line"> b = &#123;<span class="attr">name</span>:<span class="string">&quot;黑白熊&quot;</span>,<span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="number">18</span>&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="三、TS中的编译选项"><a href="#三、TS中的编译选项" class="headerlink" title="三、TS中的编译选项"></a>三、TS中的编译选项</h3><h4 id="3-1、编译单个文件"><a href="#3-1、编译单个文件" class="headerlink" title="3.1、编译单个文件"></a>3.1、编译单个文件</h4><p>​	在写完TS文件后，我们需要把 TS 文件打包成 JS 文件，每次修改一下都需要重写编译，非常的麻烦这时我们需要监视我们文件的改动，自动帮我们完成编译</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 语法 ↓</span></span><br><span class="line">tec xxx.<span class="property">tsc</span> -w		<span class="comment">// 会监视文件的修改自动进行编译</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="3-2、编译整个项目"><a href="#3-2、编译整个项目" class="headerlink" title="3.2、编译整个项目"></a>3.2、编译整个项目</h4><p>​		我们一个文件一个文件的编译太麻烦了，所以我们需要去编译整个项目</p>
<ul>
<li>我们需要在根目录下创建一个 tsconfig.json 的配置文件，并在这个配置文件中配置许多相关的配置<br>这时我们在输入 <code>ts -w </code>,就会监视整个项目所有的文件的修改</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="3-3、配置-tsconfig-json-文件"><a href="#3-3、配置-tsconfig-json-文件" class="headerlink" title="3.3、配置 tsconfig.json 文件"></a>3.3、配置 tsconfig.json 文件</h4><p>在 tsconfig.json 中添加配置（这个是ts编译器的配置文件，ts可以根据这个配置文件对代码进行编译）</p>
<ul>
<li><p>include<br>用来指定哪些 TS 文件需要被编译</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// include 数组中写的是路径</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//    ** 表示任意目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//	  *  表示任意文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;include&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;./src/**/*&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;...&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>exclude<br>用来排除哪些文件不需要 TS 进行编译</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// exclude 数组中写要排除文件的路径，用法同 include </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// exclude 的默认值：[&quot;node_modules&quot;,&quot;bower_components&quot;,&quot;jspm_packages&quot;]</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 表示不再编译下面路径中的所有文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;exclude&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;./src/lib/**/*&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>extends<br>继承别的配置文件</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 这样这个目录下的文件就全部继承到这个文件中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;extends&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="string">&quot;./config/base.json&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


</li>
<li><p>files</p>
<p>指定被编译文件的列表，少数文件时可以使用</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 数组中的文件都会被 TS 所编译</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;files&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;a.ts&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;b.ts&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<h5 id="3-3-1-compilerOptions"><a href="#3-3-1-compilerOptions" class="headerlink" title="3.3.1 compilerOptions"></a>3.3.1 compilerOptions</h5><p>compilerOptions是 TS  的编译选项，他决定了 TS 怎么去编译我们的文件<br>这里面有很多子选项，这些子选项都要配置在 <code>compilerOptions</code> 中</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 可根据下方表格进行查询所有的配置选项</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;compilerOptions&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    	<span class="comment">// target 用来指定 TS 把文件编译成哪个 ES 版本</span></span><br><span class="line">    	<span class="attr">&quot;target&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="string">&quot;ES6&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span>	</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 指定运用哪个模块化规范</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;module&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="string">&quot;ES6&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 运行代码时所用到的库，默认是浏览器环境所用到的库</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// &quot;lib&quot;: [],</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 用来指定编译后的文件所在目录</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;outDir&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;./dist&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 把输出的文件合并成一个文件</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">//&quot;outFile&quot;:&quot;./dist/app.js&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 是否编译JS文件，默认false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;allowJs&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 是否把JS文件用TS语法进行检查</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;checkJs&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 是否移除注释,默认为false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;removeComments&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 是否生成编译后的文件，默认为false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 不编译文件，只检查语法</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;noEmit&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 当有错误时，不编译文件，默认为false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;noEmitOnError&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 所有严格检查的总开关(当Strict为true时，所有关于严格检查的选项都会为true)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;strict&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 设置编译后的文件为严格模式，默认为false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;alwaysStrict&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 不允许隐式any,默认为false</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;noImplicitAny&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 不允许类型不明确的this</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;noImplicitThis&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 严格检查是否为空(例: 操作DOM时，获取元素，但是这个元素在页面中不一定存在，所以就报错，解决办法，先判断DOM是否存在，之后在获取)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;strictNullChecks&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">选项</th>
<th align="left">类型</th>
<th align="left">默认值</th>
<th align="left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left"><code>allowJs</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">允许编译javascript文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>allowSyntheticDefaultImports</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>module === &quot;system&quot;</code> 或设置了 <code>--esModuleInterop</code> 且 <code>module</code> 不为 <code>es2015</code> &#x2F; <code>esnext</code></td>
<td align="left">允许从没有设置默认导出的模块中默认导入。这并不影响代码的输出，仅为了类型检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>allowUnreachableCode</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不报告执行不到的代码错误。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>allowUnusedLabels</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不报告未使用的标签错误。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>alwaysStrict</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">以严格模式解析并为每个源文件生成 <code>&quot;use strict&quot;</code>语句</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>baseUrl</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">解析非相对模块名的基准目录。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/module-resolution.html#base-url">模块解析文档</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>charset</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>&quot;utf8&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">输入文件的字符集。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>checkJs</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">在 <code>.js</code>文件中报告错误。与 <code>--allowJs</code>配合使用。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>declaration</code> <code>-d</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">生成相应的 <code>.d.ts</code>文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>declarationDir</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">生成声明文件的输出路径。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>diagnostics</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">显示诊断信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>disableSizeLimit</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">禁用JavaScript工程体积大小的限制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>emitBOM</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">在输出文件的开头加入BOM头（UTF-8 Byte Order Mark）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>emitDecoratorMetadata</code> [1]</td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">给源码里的装饰器声明加上设计类型元数据。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/2577">issue #2577</a>了解更多信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>experimentalDecorators</code> [1]</td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">启用实验性的ES装饰器。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>extendedDiagnostics</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">显示详细的诊段信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>forceConsistentCasingInFileNames</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">禁止对同一个文件的不一致的引用。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>help</code> <code>-h</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">打印帮助信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>importHelpers</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">从 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tslib"><code>tslib</code> </a>导入辅助工具函数（比如 <code>__extends</code>， <code>__rest</code>等）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>inlineSourceMap</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">生成单个sourcemaps文件，而不是将每sourcemaps生成不同的文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>inlineSources</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">将代码与sourcemaps生成到一个文件中，要求同时设置了 <code>--inlineSourceMap</code>或 <code>--sourceMap</code>属性。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>init</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">初始化TypeScript项目并创建一个 <code>tsconfig.json</code>文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>isolatedModules</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">将每个文件作为单独的模块（与“ts.transpileModule”类似）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>jsx</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>&quot;Preserve&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">在 <code>.tsx</code>文件里支持JSX： <code>&quot;React&quot;</code>或 <code>&quot;Preserve&quot;</code>。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/jsx.html">JSX</a>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>jsxFactory</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>&quot;React.createElement&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">指定生成目标为react JSX时，使用的JSX工厂函数，比如 <code>React.createElement</code>或 <code>h</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>lib</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string[]</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">编译过程中需要引入的库文件的列表。 可能的值为： ► <code>ES5</code> ► <code>ES6</code> ► <code>ES2015</code> ► <code>ES7</code> ► <code>ES2016</code> ► <code>ES2017</code> ► <code>ES2018</code> ► <code>ESNext</code> ► <code>DOM</code> ► <code>DOM.Iterable</code> ► <code>WebWorker</code> ► <code>ScriptHost</code> ► <code>ES2015.Core</code> ► <code>ES2015.Collection</code> ► <code>ES2015.Generator</code> ► <code>ES2015.Iterable</code> ► <code>ES2015.Promise</code> ► <code>ES2015.Proxy</code> ► <code>ES2015.Reflect</code> ► <code>ES2015.Symbol</code> ► <code>ES2015.Symbol.WellKnown</code> ► <code>ES2016.Array.Include</code> ► <code>ES2017.object</code> ► <code>ES2017.Intl</code> ► <code>ES2017.SharedMemory</code> ► <code>ES2017.String</code> ► <code>ES2017.TypedArrays</code> ► <code>ES2018.Intl</code> ► <code>ES2018.Promise</code> ► <code>ES2018.RegExp</code> ► <code>ESNext.AsyncIterable</code> ► <code>ESNext.Array</code> ► <code>ESNext.Intl</code> ► <code>ESNext.Symbol</code>  注意：如果<code>--lib</code>没有指定默认注入的库的列表。默认注入的库为： ► 针对于<code>--target ES5</code>：<code>DOM，ES5，ScriptHost</code> ► 针对于<code>--target ES6</code>：<code>DOM，ES6，DOM.Iterable，ScriptHost</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>listEmittedFiles</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">打印出编译后生成文件的名字。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>listFiles</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">编译过程中打印文件名。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>locale</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><em>(platform specific)</em></td>
<td align="left">显示错误信息时使用的语言，比如：en-us。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>mapRoot</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">为调试器指定指定sourcemap文件的路径，而不是使用生成时的路径。当 <code>.map</code>文件是在运行时指定的，并不同于 <code>js</code>文件的地址时使用这个标记。指定的路径会嵌入到 <code>sourceMap</code>里告诉调试器到哪里去找它们。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>maxNodeModuleJsDepth</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>number</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>0</code></td>
<td align="left">node_modules依赖的最大搜索深度并加载JavaScript文件。仅适用于 <code>--allowJs</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>module</code> <code>-m</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>target === &quot;ES6&quot; ? &quot;ES6&quot; : &quot;commonjs&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">指定生成哪个模块系统代码： <code>&quot;None&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;CommonJS&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;AMD&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;System&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;UMD&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;ES6&quot;</code>或 <code>&quot;ES2015&quot;</code>。 ► 只有 <code>&quot;AMD&quot;</code>和 <code>&quot;System&quot;</code>能和 <code>--outFile</code>一起使用。 ► <code>&quot;ES6&quot;</code>和 <code>&quot;ES2015&quot;</code>可使用在目标输出为 <code>&quot;ES5&quot;</code>或更低的情况下。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>moduleResolution</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>module === &quot;AMD&quot; or &quot;System&quot; or &quot;ES6&quot; ? &quot;Classic&quot; : &quot;Node&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">决定如何处理模块。或者是<code>&quot;Node&quot;</code>对于Node.js&#x2F;io.js，或者是<code>&quot;Classic&quot;</code>（默认）。查看<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/module-resolution.html">模块解析</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>newLine</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><em>(platform specific)</em></td>
<td align="left">当生成文件时指定行结束符： <code>&quot;crlf&quot;</code>（windows）或 <code>&quot;lf&quot;</code>（unix）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noEmit</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不生成输出文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noEmitHelpers</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不在输出文件中生成用户自定义的帮助函数代码，如 <code>__extends</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noEmitOnError</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">报错时不生成输出文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noErrorTruncation</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不截短错误消息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noFallthroughCasesInSwitch</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">报告switch语句的fallthrough错误。（即，不允许switch的case语句贯穿）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noImplicitAny</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">在表达式和声明上有隐含的 <code>any</code>类型时报错。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noImplicitReturns</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不是函数的所有返回路径都有返回值时报错。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noImplicitThis</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">当 <code>this</code>表达式的值为 <code>any</code>类型的时候，生成一个错误。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noImplicitUseStrict</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">模块输出中不包含 <code>&quot;use strict&quot;</code>指令。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noLib</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不包含默认的库文件（ <code>lib.d.ts</code>）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noResolve</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不把 <code>/// &lt;reference``&gt;</code>或模块导入的文件加到编译文件列表。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noStrictGenericChecks</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">禁用在函数类型里对泛型签名进行严格检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noUnusedLocals</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">若有未使用的局部变量则抛错。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>noUnusedParameters</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">若有未使用的参数则抛错。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>out</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">弃用。使用 <code>--outFile</code> 代替。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>outDir</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">重定向输出目录。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>outFile</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">将输出文件合并为一个文件。合并的顺序是根据传入编译器的文件顺序和 <code>///&lt;reference``&gt;</code>和 <code>import</code>的文件顺序决定的。查看输出文件顺序文件了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>paths</code> [2]</td>
<td align="left"><code>Object</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">模块名到基于 <code>baseUrl</code>的路径映射的列表。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/module-resolution.html#path-mapping">模块解析文档</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>preserveConstEnums</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">保留 <code>const</code>和 <code>enum</code>声明。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/blob/master/doc/spec.md#94-constant-enum-declarations">const enums documentation</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>preserveSymlinks</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不把符号链接解析为其真实路径；将符号链接文件视为真正的文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>preserveWatchOutput</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">保留watch模式下过时的控制台输出。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>pretty</code> [1]</td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">给错误和消息设置样式，使用颜色和上下文。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>project</code> <code>-p</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">编译指定目录下的项目。这个目录应该包含一个 <code>tsconfig.json</code>文件来管理编译。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html">tsconfig.json</a>文档了解更多信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>reactNamespace</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>&quot;React&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">当目标为生成 <code>&quot;react&quot;</code> JSX时，指定 <code>createElement</code>和 <code>__spread</code>的调用对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>removeComments</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">删除所有注释，除了以 <code>/!*</code>开头的版权信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>rootDir</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><em>(common root directory is computed from the list of input files)</em></td>
<td align="left">仅用来控制输出的目录结构 <code>--outDir</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>rootDirs</code> [2]</td>
<td align="left"><code>string[]</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left"><em>根（root）</em>文件夹列表，表示运行时组合工程结构的内容。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/module-resolution.html#virtual-directories-with-rootdirs">模块解析文档</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>skipDefaultLibCheck</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">忽略 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/triple-slash-directives.html#-reference-no-default-libtrue">库的默认声明文件</a>的类型检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>skipLibCheck</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">忽略所有的声明文件（ <code>*.d.ts</code>）的类型检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sourceMap</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">生成相应的 <code>.map</code>文件。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>sourceRoot</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">指定TypeScript源文件的路径，以便调试器定位。当TypeScript文件的位置是在运行时指定时使用此标记。路径信息会被加到 <code>sourceMap</code>里。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>strict</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">启用所有严格类型检查选项。 启用 <code>--strict</code>相当于启用 <code>--noImplicitAny</code>, <code>--noImplicitThis</code>, <code>--alwaysStrict</code>， <code>--strictNullChecks</code>和 <code>--strictFunctionTypes</code>和<code>--strictPropertyInitialization</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>strictFunctionTypes</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">禁用函数参数双向协变检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>strictPropertyInitialization</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">确保类的非<code>undefined</code>属性已经在构造函数里初始化。若要令此选项生效，需要同时启用<code>--strictNullChecks</code>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>strictNullChecks</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">在严格的 <code>null</code>检查模式下， <code>null</code>和 <code>undefined</code>值不包含在任何类型里，只允许用它们自己和 <code>any</code>来赋值（有个例外， <code>undefined</code>可以赋值到 <code>void</code>）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>stripInternal</code> [1]</td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">不对具有 <code>/** @internal */</code> JSDoc注解的代码生成代码。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>suppressExcessPropertyErrors</code> [1]</td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">阻止对对象字面量的额外属性检查。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">阻止 <code>--noImplicitAny</code>对缺少索引签名的索引对象报错。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/1232#issuecomment-64510362">issue #1232</a>了解详情。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>target</code> <code>-t</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>&quot;ES3&quot;</code></td>
<td align="left">指定ECMAScript目标版本 <code>&quot;ES3&quot;</code>（默认）， <code>&quot;ES5&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;ES6&quot;</code>&#x2F; <code>&quot;ES2015&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;ES2016&quot;</code>， <code>&quot;ES2017&quot;</code>或 <code>&quot;ESNext&quot;</code>。  注意： <code>&quot;ESNext&quot;</code>最新的生成目标列表为 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/tc39/proposals">ES proposed features</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>traceResolution</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>false</code></td>
<td align="left">生成模块解析日志信息</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>types</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string[]</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">要包含的类型声明文件名列表。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html#types-typeroots-and-types">@types，–typeRoots和–types</a>章节了解详细信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>typeRoots</code></td>
<td align="left"><code>string[]</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">要包含的类型声明文件路径列表。查看 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html#types-typeroots-and-types">@types，–typeRoots和–types</a>章节了解详细信息。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>version</code> <code>-v</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">打印编译器版本号。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><code>watch</code> <code>-w</code></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="left">在监视模式下运行编译器。会监视输出文件，在它们改变时重新编译。监视文件和目录的具体实现可以通过环境变量进行配置。详情请看<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/configuring-watch.html">配置 Watch</a>。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="四、使用-webpack-打包-TS-代码"><a href="#四、使用-webpack-打包-TS-代码" class="headerlink" title="四、使用 webpack 打包 TS 代码"></a>四、使用 webpack 打包 TS 代码</h3><h4 id="4-1、初始化项目"><a href="#4-1、初始化项目" class="headerlink" title="4.1、初始化项目"></a>4.1、初始化项目</h4><ul>
<li><p>初始化项目(生成 package.json 文件)</p>
<ul>
<li>npm init -y</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>安装打包所需要的包</p>
<ul>
<li><pre><code class="shell"># webpack ---webpack 核心包
# webpack-cli --- webpack 命令行工具(可以在命令行中执行代码)
# typescript --- TS 的核心包
# ts-loader --- ts 和 webpack 整合在一起
npm install -D webpack webpack-cli typescript ts-loader
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">#### 4.2编写基本配置文件</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">编写 webpack 配置文件时，需要的插件以及包</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">```shell</span><br><span class="line"># 自动生成 html 文件，并且引入打包好的js</span><br><span class="line">npm install -D html-webpack-plugin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># webpack 打包完后自动刷新</span><br><span class="line">npm install -D webpack-dev-server</span><br><span class="line"># 安装完后在 package.json 中加入一个选项,使我们的项目自动打开</span><br><span class="line">&quot;start&quot;:  &quot;webpack serve --open chrome.exe&quot;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 每次打包都会清空 dist 目录下的文件</span><br><span class="line">npm install -D clean-webpack-plugin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 引入 babel 处理兼容性问题</span><br><span class="line">#① babel的核心库 ② babel的预设环境,是什么环境就转换成什么样的代码 ③ 使babel和webpack整合 ④ 模拟js代码，使老版本浏览器用到新版本的代码</span><br><span class="line">npm install -D @babel/core @babel/preset-env babel-loader core-js</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</code></pre>
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<p>首先在跟目录中创建一个 <code>webpack.config.js</code>  文件用来编写配置选项   </p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">const path = require(<span class="string">&quot;path&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">const HTMLWebpackPlugin = require(<span class="string">&quot;html-webpack-plugin&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">const <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span> CleanWebpackPlugin <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span> = require(<span class="string">&quot;clean-webpack-plugin&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// webpack 中所有的配置信息都写在 module.exports 中进行导出</span></span><br><span class="line">module.exports = <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 指定入口文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    entry<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;./src/index.ts&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 指定打包文件输出</span></span><br><span class="line">    output<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 指定打包文件的输出路径</span></span><br><span class="line">        path<span class="punctuation">:</span> path.resolve(__dirname<span class="punctuation">,</span> &#x27;dist&#x27;)<span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 指定打包文件的名</span></span><br><span class="line">        filename<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;bundle.js&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 告诉 webpack 不要使用箭头函数</span></span><br><span class="line">        environment<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">            arrowFunction<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// module 用来指定 webpack 打包时要用到的模块</span></span><br><span class="line">    module<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 指定加载的规则</span></span><br><span class="line">        rules<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment">// test指定规则生效的文件类型</span></span><br><span class="line">                test<span class="punctuation">:</span> /\.ts$/<span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment">// 使用什么 loader</span></span><br><span class="line">                use<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="comment">// 配置 babel</span></span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="comment">// 指定加载器</span></span><br><span class="line">                        loader<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;babel-loader&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="comment">// 设置 babel</span></span><br><span class="line">                        options<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">                            <span class="comment">// 设置预定义环境</span></span><br><span class="line">                            presets<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">                                <span class="comment">// 有几个环境选型就写几个数组</span></span><br><span class="line">                                <span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">                                    <span class="comment">// 指定环境插件</span></span><br><span class="line">                                    <span class="string">&quot;@babel/preset-env&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                    <span class="comment">// 配置信息</span></span><br><span class="line">                                    <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="comment">// 要兼容的目标浏览器</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        targets<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">                                            <span class="attr">&quot;chrome&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;87&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                            <span class="attr">&quot;ie&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;11&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="comment">// 指定 corejs 的版本</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="attr">&quot;corejs&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;3&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="comment">// 使用 corejs 的方式（下面是按需加载）</span></span><br><span class="line">                                        <span class="attr">&quot;useBuiltIns&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span><span class="string">&quot;usage&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">                                    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">                                <span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">                            <span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                    &#x27;ts-loader&#x27;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="punctuation">]</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment">// 排除的文件</span></span><br><span class="line">                exclude<span class="punctuation">:</span> /node-modules/</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 配置插件</span></span><br><span class="line">    plugins<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 让清除 dist 插件生效</span></span><br><span class="line">        new CleanWebpackPlugin()<span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 让插件在 webpack 中生效</span></span><br><span class="line">        new HTMLWebpackPlugin(<span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">// 配置网页模板</span></span><br><span class="line">            template<span class="punctuation">:</span> &#x27;./src/index.html&#x27;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">]</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 用来设置引用模块</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 告诉 webpack 哪些模块可以被编译</span></span><br><span class="line">    resolve<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        extensions<span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span>&#x27;.ts&#x27;<span class="punctuation">,</span>&#x27;.js&#x27;<span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h3 id="五、类与对象相关内容"><a href="#五、类与对象相关内容" class="headerlink" title="五、类与对象相关内容"></a>五、类与对象相关内容</h3><h4 id="5-1-、类属性相关定义"><a href="#5-1-、类属性相关定义" class="headerlink" title="5.1 、类属性相关定义"></a>5.1 、类属性相关定义</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 使用static 开头的是静态属性(类属性)</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 定义静态属性，不用实例对象就能访问</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span> = <span class="string">&#x27;黑白熊&#x27;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 只读属性，不能修改</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">readonly</span> <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span> = <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// static访问方式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="title class_">Person</span>.<span class="property">name</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// readonly 使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> per = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span>();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(per.<span class="property">age</span>);   <span class="comment">//18</span></span><br><span class="line">per.<span class="property">age</span> = <span class="number">20</span>	<span class="comment">// 报错</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-2、构造函数和-this"><a href="#5-2、构造函数和-this" class="headerlink" title="5.2、构造函数和 this"></a>5.2、构造函数和 this</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span>, aeg: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">age</span> = age;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// this属于实例对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 谁调用 this, this就是谁的</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-3、继承"><a href="#5-3、继承" class="headerlink" title="5.3、继承"></a>5.3、继承</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 遵循 ocp(开闭原则), 对扩展开放，对修改关闭</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 我们需要用类的时候不要去修改源码，而是去扩展其中的属性及方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 定义一个 Animal 类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Animal</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span>, age: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">age</span> = age;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">say</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&quot;动物在叫~~&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 定义一个 Dog 类, 继承 Animal</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  子类将拥有父类所有的属性和方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  如果希望在子类中添加一些父类没有的直接加就行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  如果在子类中添加了父类的同名方法，则会执行子类中的方法（这种子类覆盖掉父类方法的形式，我们称为方法的重写）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_ inherited__">Animal</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="title function_">say</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&quot;汪汪汪~&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> dog1 = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span>(<span class="string">&quot;小黑&quot;</span>,<span class="number">18</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(dog1);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;)()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-4、继承中的-super"><a href="#5-4、继承中的-super" class="headerlink" title="5.4、继承中的 super"></a>5.4、继承中的 super</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 遵循 ocp(开闭原则), 对扩展开放，对修改关闭</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 我们需要用类的时候不要去修改源码，而是去扩展其中的属性及方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 定义一个 Animal 类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Animal</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span>, age: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">age</span> = age;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">say</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&quot;动物在叫~~&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 定义一个 Dog 类, 继承 Animal</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  子类将拥有父类所有的属性和方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  如果希望在子类中添加一些父类没有的直接加就行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  如果在子类中添加了父类的同名方法，则会执行子类中的方法（这种子类覆盖掉父类方法的形式，我们称为方法的重写）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_ inherited__">Animal</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">         *  想扩展子类中的属性：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">         *          如果在子类中写了构造函数，那么在子类的构造函数中必须要写 supe()(这个表示父类的构造函数，里面要传入父类的参数)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">         *          必须用到 super(super可以理解为父类)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">         */</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">gender</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span>, age: <span class="built_in">number</span>, gender: <span class="built_in">string</span></span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">super</span>(name,age);</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">gender</span> = gender;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> dog1 = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span>(<span class="string">&quot;小黑&quot;</span>,<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="string">&quot;男&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(dog1);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;)()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-5、抽象类"><a href="#5-5、抽象类" class="headerlink" title="5.5、抽象类"></a>5.5、抽象类</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 加了abstract 关键字这个类就变成了抽象类，只能继承，不能实例化</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 和别的类差别不大，只是不能用来实例化</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Animal</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span></span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 在方法前面加abstract 关键字，使该方法成为抽象方法，使继承该抽象类的类必须要重写此方法（写抽象方法的前提是这个必须是一个抽象类）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="title function_">say</span>(): <span class="built_in">void</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_ inherited__">Animal</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title function_">say</span>(<span class="params"></span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&quot;呜呜呜~&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> dog = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span>(<span class="string">&quot;小黑&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(dog);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-6、接口"><a href="#5-6、接口" class="headerlink" title="5.6、接口"></a>5.6、接口</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="function">()=&gt;</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">type</span> myType = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        [<span class="attr">proType</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>]: <span class="built_in">any</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *  接口用来定义一个类的结构，规定里面的属性和方法的类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *      同时接口也可以的当类型声明去使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *  接口可相同名字去命名，然后使用该接口的对象就是所有相同接口名的总和</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> myInterface&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> myInterface&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">gender</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="attr">obj</span>: myType = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="string">&quot;小秦&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="number">18</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">gender</span>: <span class="string">&quot;男&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 接口类似于抽象类，不能被实例化，只能用来implements（实现）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 抽象类可以被赋初值，而接口只是用来定义规则</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 接口定义类的规则</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 接口中不能有实质的值，只用来定义规则</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  接口中所有的方法都是抽象方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 接口可以重复定义，定义的重复的合在一起使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">interface</span> myInter&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="title function_">say</span>(): <span class="built_in">void</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  定义类时，可以使类去实现一个接口</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     *  这个类必须满足接口定义的规则</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">MyClass</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> myInter&#123;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="title function_">constructor</span> (<span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>,<span class="attr">age</span>:<span class="built_in">number</span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">`我是<span class="subst">$&#123;name&#125;</span>,我今年<span class="subst">$&#123;age&#125;</span>岁了`</span>)</span><br><span class="line">     &#125;</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="title function_">say</span>(<span class="params"></span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">         <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(<span class="string">&quot;nihaoya&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">     &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> people = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">MyClass</span>(<span class="string">&quot;小黑&quot;</span>,<span class="number">18</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;)()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="5-7、属性的封装和属性修饰符"><a href="#5-7、属性的封装和属性修饰符" class="headerlink" title="5.7、属性的封装和属性修饰符"></a>5.7、属性的封装和属性修饰符</h4><ul>
<li><p>属性修饰符</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">  * 给属性加上限定修饰符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">  * public 公共属性，可修改，可读取（默认）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">  * private  私有属性，只能内部访问，外部访问不到，要想访问，只能通过我本身提供的方法来返回数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">  * protected 受保护的属性，只能在当前类和当前类的子类中使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">  */</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>属性的封装 getter 和 setter</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * 给属性加上限定修饰符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * public 公共属性，可修改，可读取（默认）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * private  私有属性，只能内部访问，外部访问不到，要想访问，只能通过我本身提供的方法来返回数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * protected 受保护的属性，只能在当前类和当前类的子类中使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span>, age: <span class="built_in">number</span></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">age</span> = age;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// getName()&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//     return this.name;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// setAge(age: number)&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//     //可以在方法中定义你想要返回给外界的数据的限制</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//     if(!(age&lt;0 || age&gt;120))&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//         this.age = age;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//     &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     * TS中提供了getter和setter方法(属性的存取器)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">get</span> <span class="title function_">_name</span>() &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">set</span> <span class="title function_">_name</span>(<span class="params">name: <span class="built_in">string</span></span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> per = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span>(<span class="string">&quot;小黑&quot;</span>, <span class="number">18</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 现在属性可以随意修改，非常不安全</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// per.name = &quot;小白&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// per.setAge(-312)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//调用 get 函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(per.<span class="property">_name</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 调用 set 函数</span></span><br><span class="line">per.<span class="property">_name</span> = <span class="string">&quot;你好&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(per);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="5-8、泛型"><a href="#5-8、泛型" class="headerlink" title="5.8、泛型"></a>5.8、泛型</h4><figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *  在定义函数及类时，类型不明确，就使用泛型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> fn&lt;T&gt;(<span class="attr">a</span>: T): T &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 泛型自动类型判断</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> res = <span class="title function_">fn</span>(<span class="number">123</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 泛型指定类型调用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> res2 = fn&lt;<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(<span class="string">&quot;123&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 泛型可指定多个</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> fn2&lt;T, K&gt;(<span class="attr">a</span>: T, <span class="attr">b</span>: K): T &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable language_">console</span>.<span class="title function_">log</span>(b);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> res3 = fn2&lt;<span class="built_in">number</span>, <span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(<span class="number">6841</span>, <span class="string">&quot;我是泛型&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title class_">Inter</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">length</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">function</span> fn3&lt;T <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">Inter</span>&gt;(<span class="attr">a</span>: T): <span class="built_in">number</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a.<span class="property">length</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> res4 = <span class="title function_">fn3</span>(&#123; <span class="attr">length</span>: <span class="number">65</span> &#125;);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Persons</span>&lt;T&gt;&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: T;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="params">name: T</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="property">name</span> = name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> per4 = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Persons</span>&lt;<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(<span class="string">&quot;黑白熊&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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      <i class="fa-solid fa-list fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class='name'>本文目录</span>
    
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        <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E4%B8%8E%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-text">一、安装与基本使用</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-text">二、基本使用</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1TS%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-text">2.1TS中的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-TS%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E7%A4%BA"><span class="toc-text">2.2 TS中一些类型的演示</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81TS%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E9%80%89%E9%A1%B9"><span class="toc-text">三、TS中的编译选项</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-1%E3%80%81%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-text">3.1、编译单个文件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-2%E3%80%81%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%95%B4%E4%B8%AA%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-text">3.2、编译整个项目</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-3%E3%80%81%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE-tsconfig-json-%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-text">3.3、配置 tsconfig.json 文件</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-3-1-compilerOptions"><span class="toc-text">3.3.1 compilerOptions</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-webpack-%E6%89%93%E5%8C%85-TS-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-text">四、使用 webpack 打包 TS 代码</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-text">4.1、初始化项目</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%8E%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9"><span class="toc-text">五、类与对象相关内容</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-%E3%80%81%E7%B1%BB%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89"><span class="toc-text">5.1 、类属性相关定义</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2%E3%80%81%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%92%8C-this"><span class="toc-text">5.2、构造函数和 this</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-3%E3%80%81%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF"><span class="toc-text">5.3、继承</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-4%E3%80%81%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84-super"><span class="toc-text">5.4、继承中的 super</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-5%E3%80%81%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">5.5、抽象类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-6%E3%80%81%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3"><span class="toc-text">5.6、接口</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-7%E3%80%81%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85%E5%92%8C%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E7%AC%A6"><span class="toc-text">5.7、属性的封装和属性修饰符</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-8%E3%80%81%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-text">5.8、泛型</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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